Strange Family Folklore
Strange Family Folklore
Where the Paper Trail Meets the Genetic Trail
The history of the Stranges has been preserved through oral tradition, court records, and DNA. In this episode, my cousin, Dionne Clark, granddaughter of Jessie Strange, the second oldest of The First Freeborn Generation, explains her genealogy research methods.
My great grandfather, Jesse Strange, was born a slave and freed in his 20s. His 12 children were born free, and referred to as "The First Freeborn Generation." In this podcast series, I interview Jesse Strange's descendants in order to document our stories. This is Strange Family Folklore.
The history of the Stranges has been preserved through oral tradition, court records, and DNA. In this episode, my cousin, Dionne Clark, granddaughter of Jessie Strange, the second oldest of The First Freeborn Generation, explains her genealogy research methods.
Teresa Roberson
Good morning, Dionne! Thank you so much for joining me today.
Dionne
Good morning, Teresa! What a wonderful, wonderful time. This is awesome. Thank you so much for the invite.
Teresa Roberson
Well, thank you. Because I look at you, even though you are humble enough to think you're not the family genealogist. And when I say "family," there are close to 1000 of us, living on the planet right now.
Dionne
And those are just the ones that we know about.
Teresa Roberson
Exactly. Our mothers are first cousins, I believe.
Dionne
Yes. They're first cousins. Their fathers were brothers.
Dionne’s mother, Barbara Jean, and my mother, Velma Mae, were both the youngest in their family and grew up together. Their respective fathers, Jessie and Floyd, were the second and eleventh children of the First Freeborn Generation.
Teresa Roberson
Yes. You and I are both visualizing the family tree.
Dionne
Yes, yes, it's that's how it's mapped in the world of genealogy.
Teresa Roberson
Usually, when I interview other family members, I have them to talk about their experiences with the first and second freeborn generation of Stranges. However, this interview is a bit different, because you know, far, far more about our family history, because you've done the research. I would really like to know about your process for discovering our extended family.
Dionne
Well, I think it was just like an organic type of process in that I just started out with a desire to want to know myself. Okay? So again, introspection, go in with the questions that you have. When you're trying to just explore yourself. Who am I? When you're trying to gauge that question and answer it Who am I? Where do I come from? Who are my people? Why do I look the way that I look? That kind of thing. And so, for me, it started off very early in life. I often would spend copious amounts of time reading history books. And I loved historical accounts, especially families of color. I wanted to know their background, where they came from. Who were their people? What was their struggles? What was their stories? What were their traditions? Things like that. So, it just started out just with a love of wanting to know more about myself, and finding answers in books. And then when the world brought us the internet that expanded my consciousness because I could go beyond a written book. And I can read electronic books and journals, and see documentaries, and track historical accounts of people's family that I never knew. But that were similar to my familial story. Maybe they're from certain parts of Virginia, or certain parts of North Carolina, and finding a connection there. So, for me, I was always trying to find out more about myself, but I had to go outside of myself to find it. Okay? So, it's like exploring. It's like exploratory surgery. You're going in, and honestly, you might have an end result of what you might think you're gonna find. Once you get in, it may be completely different. It's like turning over a rock. You never know what's underneath it. And so that was kind of like my process. I was curious. I was always naturally inquisitive. And so, for me, I just followed the cookie crumbs of asking questions, doing my research, and that's something that I just love to do. I love to explore. I love to research and one of my pet peeves was genealogy. I'm not formally trained in any way. I don't see myself as a guru. I'm just a person who has a natural interest in the study of family and where family trees come from, and going forward in time, but then also back in time.
Teresa Roberson
What were some of the cookie crumbs that you followed?
Dionne
Well, for example, when we were writing, our first book, Reflections of a Proud Strange Family.
Dionne, along with nine other members of the Strange Family Historical Society, compiled information about Great grandfather Jesse’s descendants, published in 2005 as Reflections of a Proud Strange Family. Throughout this interview, Dionne refers to this publication as “the book.”
Everyone should have one because it's chock full of information. A lot of blood, sweat, and tears went into this. It was almost a yearlong project. We committed every weekend for an entire year to work on this. But some of the bits and pieces and crumbs well you'll find them in this book here. But what led us to it was just basically family stories. People would say, "Well, you know, you such and such, well, we heard this this." We would hear these stories, and we would write them down, and then we would research them. It would start initially, with family stories, family tales, and just trying to track down what was the truth. What's the truth? We hear of these stories and these tales in these accounts. But are they true? What's the truth here?
Teresa Roberson
How would you verify the truth? Would it all be oral tradition? Or could you back it up with evidence? More formal evidence?
Dionne
Yes. So that's a great question. when we started this project that was one of the questions that was posed multiple times over and over, because as we were collecting information from family members, again, we wanted to take it one step further. And so, where I came into the picture, I wanted to question how do we know how far back we can go? I mean, how do we gather those bits of information that tell us who we are? And does it stop with the paper trail, meaning when you go to the courthouse, the county courthouse or you go to downtown DC, the Bureau, the archives. Or if you go online, where for example, Ancestry.com, they're directly linked to all of the archives in America, all of the county, state. If it's on microfiche. If it's electronic. If it's been transcribed, ten to one, you're going to find it on Ancestry.com. They have a plethora of information that you can find. Basically, I wanted to connect the past to the present. So, where the paper trail ends, that's where the genetic trail began. And so, it was a little coin term that I coined early in the process when we were writing this book. I wanted to connect where the paper trail ends, and let the genetic trail continue to tell the story.
Teresa Roberson
How did you do that?
Dionne
Well, it involves quite a bit of research, but I knew for a fact that genetic testing was the in thing at that time. And so, I saw where I worked, how it was being used to track disease and things like that. And I'm like, well, they also track it by ethnicity, and so in race. I was thinking, "Well, why can't we incorporate that into our research?" Why can't we invoke genetics? And so, I did a bit of research and I discovered that there were two companies that I thought we should work with, to help us trace our deep ancestral groups. And those two companies, the first one was Africanancestry.com. They were based here in Washington DC. The second company was Trace Genetics. They were based out of Southern California. And so, Trace Genetics, their main focus was forensics. So, they were forensics company, but they dealt heavily with genetics as well. Africanancestry.com was run by a top African geneticist. They were local here. And so, we connected with them. In order to do the genetics tracing, of course, at that time, it was uber expensive. So once the committee agreed, yes, this would be another way to take our findings to another level, then we decided, okay, fine, we'll have to generate funding for this because back then genetic testing was three, four, five, $600.
The committee was The Strange Family Historical Society.
So, it was very, very expensive. We were able to generate the funds. And we decided to do our own scientific sampling. So, we knew the target. The target was we were focusing on the Strange lineage. But understanding genetics, you understand that when you acquire chromosomes, you acquire 50%, from your mother, 50% from your father, all the way back. Okay. And so how would we be able to determine what the percentage was, what the ethnicity was, the only way we could do it was through the genetics. So, we wanted to follow both of the chromosome lines. So, we wanted to follow the maternal, maternal, maternal, of the Strange family, and the paternal paternal, paternal, meaning your mother's, mother's mother, or your father's, father's, father. And so, the best way to do it, again, was through the genetics. But we wanted to go with two different genetic companies. Why? Because being scientific minded, we wanted to see if we would come up with the same results. And what we discovered was, yes, we came up with the same results. So, prior to writing this book, we wanted to make sure that it was based on the science. Dr. Fauci didn't get it first, we did. It was based on the science. And so, before crafting this book that took copious 1000s of hours, to put together the research, the publishing all of it, we wanted to make sure it was based on truth. And so, once we got the results back from both genetic companies, then that's when we really began the ancestral part of this part of the book, which I captured, because I wanted it to be right. Because this is a testament to us. So, I wanted it to be correct. And based on science.
Teresa Roberson
Now, one question, and this has been maybe the past five or so years, whenever someone says “race,” and “genetics” now, it seems like it's so incredibly loaded. Because my understanding of how we generally use the term "race," it's not scientific. It is a social construct.
Dionne
That is true.
Teresa Roberson
Let's circle around that notion of race again. When you're doing or looking at the genetics, did the companies imply that there was a way to tell certain ethnicity through DNA? Are you looking at just certain markers that people are related?
Dionne
My understanding of how the companies measured the DNA that was collected, was through, of course, you have your markers. And what they did was they group your markers by haplogroup, which is when you have like DNA.
A haplogroup is a population of people who share a common ancestor through their biological mother’s or father’s genetic line and is often geographically based. The top haplogroups are assigned letters.
Okay, so that's how they determine, for example, Africans that come from the Niger or the Niger Delta. They can determine that your ancestry comes was from Niger, or the Niger Delta area based on like DNA. So like DNA is called a “haplogroup.” And so that's how they can determine where you're coming from. Or even migratory patterns. They base it on haplogroups, which means it's just people in a certain area that have like DNA. So that's how they can determine that you're from that region. Because people that, for example, from Niger may have LR haplogroup. And if you have 10% LR haplogroup then 10, to one, you're coming from the people that descend from the Niger Delta region. That's how they grouped and identified the DNA. In terms of race, is it a modern construct? Yes, it is. It is. It is a modern construct. Because when you really compress it down, it's just basic DNA. That's really what we are. And that's how we really are defined. And there's no Black and White. That doesn't exist. There's a lot of gray area. But race, the construct is pretty modern. Technically, does race exist? No. It technically does not. It is a modern construct. It's not something that has always existed. It wasn't designed to bring people together was actually designed to be....
Teresa Roberson
Hierarchical.
Dionne
The opposite, right?
Teresa Roberson
So, looking at the results, both companies agreed, which regions of the world we descended from?
Dionne
Right. So, what we discovered with both analyses from both genetic companies was that the information that we received mirrored one another. So that's why we were able to go forward with the book. And so yes, it showed for the maternal line, that the Strange-Coleman female, the maternal side of Jesse Strange came from Ghana. Okay, so you have mostly Dagomba, and you have the Akan. And then there was another maternal side that came from Niger, from the Hausa people of Niger. And that was just the maternal side. The paternal side, meaning Jesse's father's father's, father's, father's side, showed that the Y chromosome or the male ancestry dominated from Europe, and predominantly Spain, Portugal and I do believe West Europe. And we were very, very fortunate enough to have Theodore Strange, right? And Herbert Strange serve as our DNA testers for the male side for the Y chromosome.
Our cousin Theodore Strange, Jr. was the son of Theodore Strange, Sr., number 12 of The First Generation of Freeborn Stranges. My Uncle Herbert Strange was the son of Floyd B. Strange, number 11.
Ann Swanson was able to provide DNA for the Coleman female maternal side, the mitochondrial side.
A mitochondrion is a part of the cell which breaks down sugar, in the form of glucose, to create energy. Mitochondria contain their own DNA, which is only inherited from one’s biological mother.
So that's where we got our information from. So, the maternal, we were tracing on the Strange side of the family, we were tracing Jesse's parents. His mother was a Coleman. So, we tracing his mother's lineage, Lucy Coleman.
Great grandmother Lucy was Jesse Strange’s second wife, who bore his second through twelfth children.
Anne Swanson was kind enough to serve because she was the niece of Lucy Coleman. Her mother and Lucy were sisters. Okay? So, she was the niece to Lucy Coleman. Okay? She was the niece.
Anne Swanson’s married name was “Drew.” Her mother, Annie, was one of Lucy’s younger sisters.
And so, she, by way of that lineage, of being the daughter of a daughter. She carried the female mitochondrial DNA for the female Coleman side of the family. So that's why we tested her. She was graciously enough and she was at the time living. She was living here in DC. We were able to collect her DNA and send it forward. And that's how we were able to trace the maternal DNA for the Coleman side. We had to go back through to find out who's related to who. So, you're developing this family tree, and you're just going back in time, and you're connecting dots. It was just fascinating. It's like being a detective. To a degree.
Teresa Roberson
I actually have a gift for you.
Dionne
Oh, oh, boy.
Teresa Roberson
I gotta get it together. But I'm gonna tease you with it…
Dionne
Oh my!
Teresa Roberson
…because I don't know if you can read this.
Dionne
Let's see.
Teresa Roberson
I'll take it up to the camera. Do you see it? Is it written backwards?
Dionne
No, I can read it.
Teresa Roberson
You see how two out of three names, Coleman and Swanson, are on this?
Dionne
Yes.
Teresa Roberson
And then we also have Adams. And if you look at the year...
Dionne
1978.
Teresa Roberson
So, what this is, is a report that my grandfather, Floyd B. Strange, he wrote to someone in Chicago to get our family tree.
Dionne
Amazing. I didn't know that.
Another amazing thing: Jacqueline Anne Drew was the woman in Chicago, who’d sent my grandfather the report. Her mother was Anne Swanson Drew.
Teresa Roberson
I wouldn't have known that either. But, you know, my parents have lived in this house since 1979. Since I moved back with them, been cleaning out stuff, cleaning out stuff. That garage, that was almost like oh my god, I rather you charge me rent than to have to do this. Anyway, got to their front closet. Took a lot of stuff out.
Dionne
Oh, man.
Teresa Roberson
This genealogy was among the stuff...
Dionne
Amazing!
Teresa Roberson
...that was found.
Dionne
Oh, wow
Teresa Roberson
It was like the little brackets, three-hole punch. I took it out of the brackets because the cover was just this cheap construction paper. It was deteriorating, but the paper itself was still good.
Dionne
Oh, man.
Teresa Roberson
I immediately put it in page protectors.
Dionne
Okay.
Teresa Roberson
So, what I'm going to do is make a PDF file and give that to you so you can continue your research. We just discovered it this past Saturday and I thought, "Oh, I cannot wait to tell Dionne."
Dionne
This is amazing.
Teresa Roberson
I want to make it digital. I have just been reading it.
Dionne
Now how many pages do you think…?
Teresa Roberson
I don't know. There's no page numbers on it. I don't want to write on the particular page, but I was just going to put little discrete number stickers in the corner of the pages. That's something that I have to do before I even...
Dionne
Digitize it.
Teresa Roberson
Yeah.
Dionne
Okay. Now you're saying he wrote to someone in Ohio. Was it Ohio?
Teresa Roberson
Chicago, I believe.
Dionne
Chicago? I'm wonder what was the premise behind that?
Teresa Roberson
I have no idea.
Dionne
And who was this person he wrote to? And what was their status?
Teresa Roberson
Exactly. See, this is why I wanted to tell you because you and I had planned to have this interview. We already had this on the calendar before my sister and I went into that front closet, and there's still two shelves. You know how a little disaster in the closet is what prompted us to take things off the floor and the first three shelves, but there are two more shelves.
Dionne
Oh, my goodness, so we don't know what else is in store. There may be more.
Teresa Roberson
I know.
Dionne
In 1978...do you know? Well, I guess we'd have to figure that out.
Teresa Roberson
That was the year before my family at least moved into this house.
Dionne
And I wonder how old was your grandfather at that point in time?
Teresa Roberson
Well, that's easy to calculate. Let me get my calculator out here.
Dionne
I'm just trying to fit my mind into his mind.
Teresa Roberson
I believe he and my grandmother were both born in 1910.
Dionne
1910?
Teresa Roberson
Is that right?
Dionne
I don't know. Let me see here.
Turns out, I was right.
Teresa Roberson
He would have been 68. I know my grandmother was born in 1910 because she is exactly 60 years older than me. And my mother is exactly 30 years older than me. We're all 30-60-90. I'll put it to you this way: He was either 68 or older.
Dionne
Okay, because that's what I have, 68.
Teresa Roberson
Right.
Dionne
That's saying something. I am wondering what...That's amazing. I'm absolutely stumped because I don't recall hearing anyone reaching out or exploring. But you know, as I've said, even when we were crafting this book, and we were collecting photos from the family, so we can enter them and add them to the book. But I kept saying we would run into these little pockets of we didn't have an image or we didn't have a photo, or we didn't know what a person looked like. And we kept trying to put it out there to the family just to check and see. To this day, we still have gaps where we don't have images of people. What I kept saying was we just have to keep tapping because you never know what people have in their photo albums. Grandmother, great grandmother...
Teresa Roberson
My parents are both in their 80s. You have to clean out their garage. You have to clean out their front closets. You have to have an attitude of not just, "Okay, let's just get this junk and recycle it."
Dionne
Because you could have some hidden jewels like what you discovered.
Teresa
We knew though the weathered pages and photo albums or whatever. My parents use their front closet, part of it, as a pantry. So, what we really wanted to do was to organize the foodstuff.
Dionne
Yes.
Teresa Roberson
That's what we were primarily doing and the fact that that report, I think it had fallen from one of the top shelves...
Dionne
Conveniently.
Teresa Roberson
...in with the foodstuff. So, when we're pulling everything out, and it's just serendipity that this report, two out of the three names that you just talked about, on the front.
Dionne
Wow. And he identified those three names.
Teresa Roberson
Right.
Dionne
And the fact that he mentioned Swanson, he's talking about his grandmother's side of the family. Okay?
Teresa Roberson
My grandmother, his wife, her maiden name was Adams.
Dionne
Oh, okay.
Teresa Roberson
Now, I don't know if this is the same Adams, because I haven't run into her name yet.
As I suspected, it was a different group of Adams than my maternal grandmother, Beatrice Adams Strange.
Dionne
Okay. Well we'll know as you continue to delve into the book.
Teresa Roberson
Putting it in sheet protectors was step one, then I have to get the pages numerated, then get it digitized, then give it to you.
Dionne
Oh, my gosh, what a gift. I'm telling you.
Teresa Roberson
It's all happening in stages. Yes.
Dionne
Yeah. That is phenomenal. I'm just curious as to who he was writing, who the person was, what was their status? Were they family? Were they related? Were they some form of a historian or a genealogist of some sort? What was the connection between he and this person?
Teresa Roberson
That's what makes you a really good genealogist because you haven't even read it yet. I am fascinated, just to visualize the lives. Some of the entries are just this was the wife of so and so or this was this spouse of so and so. And then other people, I just read about one of our relatives who studied Tai Chi.
Dionne
Are you serious?
Teresa Roberson
Another one who went to Howard University, and she majored in French and Spanish.
Dionne
Oh, my gosh.
Teresa Roberson
Just the richness of the report. I mean, it goes either way. Some just one sentence, the spouse of so and so and then the other paragraphs.
Dionne
Amazing. This is so... this is just... I love it. Again, it's like turning over a rock, you never know what you're gonna find underneath it. And that's why when we were crafting this book, it was so important not to guess it. You can’t go on, you know, such as such said, "We're this, this and this." Or such and such said, "Well, my great, great grandmother was Native American." Well, let's test that theory. And one way we can do it is through the genetics. Okay? And another thing that I noticed, as I've understood and explored genetics and genealogy, but mainly genetics, was that when people say that a person is not something, for example, when, we did the testing, at that stage in the game in 2004, with those two companies and their database at that time, it did not come up positive for Native American ancestry. But yet we know that Cascade, Danville area is Saponi land. S-A-P-O-N-I. That was the native Siouan-speaking indigenous people that lived in that area. And we can say, since we've been there for over 200 plus two years, that there is a possibility 200 to 300 years, possibly, there is a possibility that you may be of Native American descent, and it is not showing up in your DNA. Now, why is that? Well, it could be because you only had one ancestor, six generations back. One full blooded ancestor, six generations back, and the percentile is less than 1%. So, it may not be detectable. It might show up in minute, details, minute percentiles. But it's not enough for it to hit the 1% where it'll be more marked as visible.
Teresa Roberson
You need a certain number of people in the database to even say this gene pool, or these genetic markers are from this particular region. So, it could also be that there hasn't been enough samples taken, which goes back to why I wanted to clarify about race. Our concept of race modernly is a social construct. But when you're talking about DNA, DNA knows no race.
Dionne
That's right. What they do is they go by groupings of like DNA, haplogroups, based on region.
Teresa Roberson
Exactly.
Dionne
I think that, basically, we're progressing. And definitely, even these databases are expanding and growing. And we know that for a fact. Because if you have an account with Ancestry.com, who were run by the Mormons, the Latter-Day Saints, they do have the largest database system in the world, on genetics. And it's phenomenal. It's absolutely phenomenal. But their database system is steadily growing. So, at any point in time, you can go back and if you've ever been tested, and I've been tested, and I had both of my parents tested in ancestry, and that is how I can determine based on the progression and the growth of their database, the collective information that they've collected, which steadily is growing. And the fact that their dynamics, in terms of how you can do your research is also expanding. So now, I can go in and look at my data, my DNA, and see how it is broken down. And they do it by percentile. But I also now can track where that DNA came from. And how is that? It is because I tested both of my parents. So now, whatever DNA that show up in my queue, I can trace it back to either parent. And one thing that I did discover that was really fascinating was that out of my list of cousins and their hundreds, hundreds of cousins that I had one cousin that I was related to this person on my mother's side, and on my father's side. So somehow, both of my parents, somewhere in time had a common ancestor. And I still haven't solved that riddle, because that blew my mind, because 99% of the time, the DNA, unless your parents grew up in the same town, ten to one that relative will be related to you on your mother's side or your father's. But my parents didn't grow up in the same area. So how did I get a cousin that's related on both sides?
Teresa Roberson
Oh, I see. Because my mother primarily grew up in Cascade. My father, I think around the Danville region. So pretty close enough that they...
Dionne
...you can have a lot of migration.
Teresa Roberson
For me, that's not a surprising thing. And even with my grandfather, and his wife.
Dionne
But going back to the Native American, because that seems to be a big one with a lot of folks, and folks will say, "Well, you know what, it didn't show up in your DNA analysis. So, you're not." Even though you might have historical accounts of your grandparents or grandparents saying that you were. Well, I thought about it, and I started doing the research. And this is the thing, this is what I conclude: Just because it doesn't show up in your genetic analysis does not mean that you're not. It's just that your percentiles may be so watered down. Your DNA may be so minuscule that it's not showing up above 1%. Okay? Another thing with genetics is that you don't always inherit the same genes from both parents. So, you and your sister might have different genetics, where she may have inherited the gene from Spain, you might have inherited the gene from Norway. But it doesn't mean that you don't have the same common ancestor, just because you didn't inherit that particular gene or genetic. So, that's why when people say that you're not something that has to be debunked, because the genetics doesn't reveal everything.
Teresa Roberson
So, am I understanding that our ancestral mother came from some region in West Africa and our ancestral father came from Europe?
Dionne
So, based on our findings, what we were able to attain and understand was that the maternal side of the Strange family reunion or sorry...
Teresa Roberson
I know that myself from saying that, because just like one big family reunion, yes.
At this point, the Strange family has had 81 continuous family reunions, so you can see why that phrase rolls off our tongues.
Dionne
The paternal, I'm sorry, the paternal side of the Strange family, Jesse Strange, showed high levels of European markers. So, the origin was European. Okay? So, that's for the male side. Okay? But the female side, were predominantly African. Okay? So, that seems to be a common theme, of course, due to our colonial past. Right?
Teresa Roberson
Yeah. Just go ahead and say it: the enslaver had sex with one of his slaves.
Dionne
Pretty, yeah.
Teresa Roberson
I said, "had sex." It could have been rape.
Dionne
We know that there's relations that took place in some of them, not all the majority, were not voluntary. Some were, majority not.
Teresa Roberson
I can't think of any person, who had, I would say fewer rights or no rights. I mean, she was property. A person who has no rights, doesn't have consent to her own body. I know, I know, I know. I'm looking at a modern thing, and applying it to the past. But what you’re saying to me, is that the paternal was European, and the maternal was African.
Dionne
The majority of the time.
Teresa Roberson
And during that time, also, she would have been enslaved and he would have at least been the enslaver or someone who worked for the enslaver.
Dionne
Most likely. Most likely that was the case. We can't say 100% for each accounted relationship, but the majority that the main construct that was the case.
Teresa Roberson
And you say "relationship" because you're generous. I'm thinking “interaction.” But yes, yes, we do know genetically, it's in our genes.
Dionne
Another thing I wanted to say just to just give kudos to Ancestry.com is because that's where I've been getting and I've gotten a lot of my data and cross data. I'm just going to put it out there. It's a great tool. If you haven't gotten your Ancestry.com account and you haven't done your DNA through that company, I would definitely advise doing so because it's a great resource. A lot of the study a lot of the historical accounts that I was able to discover I discovered them through Ancestry.com, right down to grave markers, pictures of the person, their registration, war records, things like that birth, death, divorce. A lot of this information that we've put in the book, and that we actually use recently, for a calendar, I was able to get through Ancestry.com. But if you want to know the genetics of it, if we want to track our own genetic migration, that would be a great tool to use if we could test our DNA, have it in one location on Ancestry.com. We can track it. That way, we can do our own research, genetically and use the most modern information out there, which is located on Ancestry.com. And then you can see who's connected. Who's first, second, third, fourth cousin. And if you can test your parents that would help too. So that you can see where your genetic information came from. Where did you inherit this from or that from? It's fascinating because when I look at both of my parents genetics, there's certain markers or certain traits that are similar. Okay? Percentiles may be different, but they may derive from the same country of origin. And then there's some countries that are just like a specific to my mom that are not on my dad's side. But then when I compared my Aunt Gladys' information, who's also on Ancestry to my mom's, she has DNA data that my mom doesn't have. So, it's really fascinating to do the comparisons. And so that's why I say we can't rule out the fact that you could be of this ethnicity. Just because you don't have it, it doesn't mean that your sibling does not or your parent did not. It's just that you didn't inherit that particular piece of DNA. But they're all a part of your ancestry. Those are all common ancestors. So, we include them because it's still part of the fabric of who you are.